Related article: the time when the various whips we have alluded to were invented, up to the last century, very little ingenuity seems to have been exercised in the manufacture of whips. As we have seen, in the first instance they were con- structed for corporal punishment, but subsequently they were used by carters to quicken the paces of beasts of burden, and then only one lash was required. But where are any old whips to be seen ? It is very rare to find a whip of any date earlier than the Stuart period ; a few made in the reign of Charles II. still exist. Racing men need scarcely be reminded that the famous Newmarket Challenge Whip, of which more anon, dates from this period. Other whips of Charles II.*s time may be seen in private collections. An important change was effected when whips were con- structed with bent tops, as we use them now, for driving. Ap- parently this fashion came into vogue about the eighteenth cen- tury, when whip-making became a well-recognised industry. Hunt- ing whips in the earlier half of the century were made with bent tops — like a short-handled carriage whip — as we learn from the pic- tures of James Seymour and his contemporaries. The huntsman's whip of a later date, if clumsy, was a very for- midable weapon. There is in Sir Walter Gilbey's collection at Elsenham Hall the whip which belonged to Hoswell, who was huntsman to Mr. Maynard, the .1900.] WHIPS. Countess of Wanvick's grand- fother (fig. i). It is a large and heavy whip, constructed in much the same fashion as the platted gut crops of the present day, with a long and stout thong and a hammer head of steel or iron, whose face suggests frequent and vigorous use upon obstructive gate locks. About this time whip handles were covered with " shagreen," ('.«., fish skin, dressed in a peculiar way, and fastened on to the stock in a manner with which no living workman is acquainted, for the manufacture of " shagreen " is, unhappily, a lost art. In order to show at a glance the connection between ancient and modern whips, we give the following list, and regret that it seems impossible to satisfactorily fill the gap between the Roman period and the last century. (a) The prehistoric whip was probably only a goad (^stimulus). There is no reason to imagine that it was anything more elegant to look at than a long stick with a sharp point to it. This kind of goad was used up to the tenth century, and is even used in the nineteenth century upon sand donkeys, with both ends of the stick un sharpened. (b) After the goad a mild form of "cat" was invented; it was used in the reign of Solomon. We may safely assume that it was constructed of two or more thongs of hide, securely bound to a wooden handle. This was in vogue A.M. 2971. (e) Rehoboam had a severe edition of Solomon's whip. It was most likely made with bristles, or perhaps bones acted as sub- stitutes for knots. Buy Divalproex (rf) The ancient Greeks, ac- cording to their historians and artists (vide the paintings on the walls of excavated buildings at ""'■ ^.-cold-mohntbd r 3i8 BAILY S MAGAZINE. [November Herculaneum, Pompeii and else- where), had both cats or flagella mentioned in c. They also had others that were milder. (t) The ancient Romans had fiagella consisting of three short chains, with knobs of metal at the end, attached to a short handle. They resembled a diminu- tive stockwhip with three lashes. •* Cats*' with two and sometimes with three lashes of knotted cords, or even wire, were used. These lashes were called scorpions. The Romans also had ** fasces," «.^., a bundle of rods tied together with an axe in the centre, this being a badge of authority. (/) We may assume that the ancient Romans introduced ** the cat" into the States which they conquered, for it will be remem- bered that they were strict dis- ciplinarians. {g) From an illuminated psalter, copied in the eleventh century, we gather that whips with two lashes were used in England at that period. In the fourteenth century the carter used a whip Buy Divalproex Online with three lashes. (h) Prints of the fifteenth cen- tury show whips having only one lash. (i) Postillions were employed in the eighteenth century and pre- vious to that period, and conse- quently noblemen and gentlemen living in those times paid very little attention to driving whips, because they rarely drove them- selves. ij) In the eighteenth century whips were bent at the top, and became more shapely. The best cutting whip handles were made of •* shagreen." (h) Whips of the present day far surpass those which have been mentioned by historians, and they are not designed to permanently injure either a human being or an animal. The Russian knout, also bullock whip and stockwhips, are not merciful correctors, but the Russian knout was not designed in the nineteeth century. A curious whip in the Elsenham collection is the packman's (fig. 5). This is a specimen of the whip used by packmen and carriers in the latter- half of the eighteenth century : the metal head unscrews to reveal within the thick part of the Generic Divalproex stock a receptacle for pen and ink and spare horse- nails. There is no great difference, save in superior workmanship, between the carriage whip of 1790 and that of to-day. The thick- ened grip of the typical whip shown in fig. 2 is clumsier than the neatly graduated grip put upon our modern whips, but other- wise there is little to choose between the old and the new^. Fig. 4 shows a phaeton whip owned and u^ed by King George IV. ; the stock is holly and the bark is left on where the twigs sprang from the parent stem. l^o. 3 dates from the year 1825 and deserves notice as being an early